A story nearly as old as the stock exchange

The Amsterdam stock exchange, now known as Euronext Amsterdam, is considered to be the world’s oldest functioning stock exchange. Its roots go back to 1602, when it was established to help fund the Eighty Years’ War. 

How the exchange was born

In 1567, the Spanish Empire gained control of a wide area of the Low Countries, triggering the Eighty Years’ War as the Dutch fought to regain control of their country. At this time, a key source of Dutch income came from merchants, who relied heavily on sea trade. They would buy spices from the Portuguese, who had mastered the spice routes in the Far East, and resell them to Dutch buyers. This was the beginning of the Amsterdam stock exchange, arguably the world’s first stock market, and certainly the first truly liquid stock market. However, in the course of the war, the Spanish gained control of Portugal, and effectively put a stop to this trade.

A heroic act

In 1622, with the war still ongoing, the Spanish side attempted to blow up the Amsterdam stock exchange building, in order to limit funding for the Dutch war effort. At the time, the exchange building was built on arches over the Rokin canal. The Spanish soldiers managed to moor a ship filled with gunpowder under the building. Luckily, a little orphan boy discovered the ship and raised the alarm. The boy’s quick action saved the city from disaster. As a reward, he was granted his greatest wish: to play the drum alongside other orphans inside the Amsterdam exchange building itself, where the building’s excellent acoustics would magnify the sound of the drums. 

Celebrating today: Exchange Drumming Day

To this day, Euronext Amsterdam continues this tradition by inviting school children from 6 to 12 years old to play the drums inside the exchange building. Trading on the stock exchange typically opens with a Gong Ceremony, broadcast on the Dutch business news channel RTL Z, where special guests strike the Gong to mark the start of the trading day. On Exchange Drumming Day, school students become the special guests. 

The children are each given drums to play, and can explore the impressive trading floor while drumming enthusiastically. They then take part in a traditional Gong Ceremony and the Amsterdam Gong is struck to remember the heroic actions of the little orphan boy many years ago. The programme combines fun with education, including a short lesson on the stock exchange and financial literacy in advance of the event when possible. The fun-filled day is one that Euronext hopes to continue hosting for many years into the future. 

Inviting children to participate in a stock exchange event like this one is an example of ‘learning by doing’, and supports our company purpose to shape capital markets for future generations. It is one of a number of activities that Euronext Amsterdam deploys throughout the year to improve financial literacy.

Other Amsterdam traditions: an exchange rooted in history

The Amsterdam stock exchange prides itself on its ability to uphold important traditions. To this day, a statue of Mercury is still handed out to listing companies on their first day of listing. Mercury is the Roman god of communication, travel and trade. For centuries, he has symbolised the exchange in the Netherlands in many guises. As early as the 17th century, a statue of Mercury adorned the main facade of the Beurs van Hendrick de Keyser in Amsterdam. The figure of Flying Mercury has been associated with the Amsterdam exchange trading since 1845 when King Willem II bestowed the first statue at the opening of the Beurs van Zocher, and today new issuers are given a replica of the statue to mark their listing on Euronext.

Perpetual bond

The world’s oldest bond still paying interest is a 2.5% perpetual loan issued in 1624 by the Lekdijk Bovendams water board. This bond, worth 1200 guilders, was issued to finance levee repairs after a burst. What has made the 1624 debenture so special is the fact that after nearly four centuries, it still pays interest, €15 annually.

This bond symbolises financial reliability and highlights the Netherlands’ financial strength, rooted in its historic battle against water. This constant threat necessitated cooperation and financial preparedness, even among rivals like the Bishop of Utrecht and the Count of Holland. In September, we once again paid out the dividend to charity.

Gong ceremony

The gong tradition, however, goes back even further, to 1592 to be precise. That year, the Amsterdam city council tried to create order and regularity in trading, which then took place at the Nieuwe Brug, with the introduction of the first regulations. Rules of conduct, fixed trading hours, and an exchange clerk were introduced. At regular intervals, the exchange clerk sounded a bell to open the exchange. Euronext Amsterdam still sounds the gong around three times per week to open a new day of trading. Even when there is no ceremony, the sound of the Gong still echoes over the enormous trading floor.

Options strategies – short straddle
Benefits, risks and examples of a short straddle option strategy.

The short straddle option strategy is a sophisticated trading technique employed by experienced investors to capitalise on low volatility conditions in the market. This strategy involves selling both a call and a put option at the same strike price and expiry date, aiming to profit from the lack of significant price movement in the underlying asset. Learn about the mechanics of the short straddle, its potential benefits, risks, and practical considerations for successful implementation.

Understanding the short straddle option strategy

A straddle option strategy concerns the combination of a call option and a put option with the same strike price and expiry date. 

A short straddle involves writing (selling) a call option and a put option with the same strike price and expiration date on the same underlying asset. By selling these options, the trader collects premiums from both the call and the put options, creating a net credit position. The maximum profit is realised if the underlying asset remains at the strike price at expiry, causing both options to expire worthless.

The short straddle is best suited for specific market conditions and investor outlooks that conclusively have a neutral market outlook: the investor expects minimal price movement in the underlying asset.

Key components of a short straddle

1. Call option
   A contract that gives the seller the obligation to sell the underlying asset at a specified strike price at the buyer’s request.
   See also "What is a short call option?"
2. Put option
   A contract that gives the seller the obligation to buy the underlying asset at the same strike price at the buyer’s request.
   See also "What is a short put option?"
3. Strike price
   The predetermined price at which the underlying asset can be bought or sold. For a short straddle, the strike price is the same for both the call and the put options.
4. Expiry date
   The date by which the options must be exercised or will expire worthless. Both the call and the put options in a short straddle have the same expiry date.
5. Premium
   The price at which the options are sold. The trader collects premiums from selling both the call and the put options.

Advantages of the short straddle option strategy

The short straddle strategy can be attractive for several reasons:

1. Premium collection
   By selling both a call and a put option, the trader collects premiums from both sides, generating immediate income.
2. Profit in low volatility
   The strategy is profitable if the underlying asset remains near the strike price, as both options will expire worthless.
3. Neutral market outlook
   It is suitable for traders who believe the underlying asset will not experience significant price movement before expiry.

Risk of the short straddle option strategy

While the short straddle can be profitable in low volatility environments, it carries significant risks:

1. Unlimited loss potential
   The potential loss is theoretically unlimited if the price of the underlying asset moves significantly in either direction.
   Sudden spikes in volatility can lead to large losses, as both the call and put options can become deep in-the-money.
2. Margin requirements
   Short straddles require substantial margin due to the high risk of large price movements. Traders must ensure they have sufficient capital to meet margin requirements.
3. Assignment risk
   If the underlying asset moves significantly, one or both options may be assigned, requiring the trader to fulfil the obligations of the option contracts.

Example of a short straddle

Let's consider a practical example to illustrate how a short straddle works:

An investor believes that Company XYZ’s stock, currently trading at €100, will show no significant price movement in the next months. The investor decides to sell a call option and a put option with a strike price of €100, both expiring in one month. Suppose the premium for each option is €5 per share. Since options typically represent 100 shares, the seller receives a total of €1,000 (€500 for the call option and €500 for the put option) in premiums for the straddle position.

If XYZ’s stock rises to €103, the value of the call option would be €3 at expiry (103-100). The profit on the short call would be (€100 – €103 + €5) x 100 = €200. The put option expires worthless as no one would be willing to sell their stocks for €100 when the market price is €103. The short put earns the full premium received when engaging in the position (€100 x €5 = €500). The profit after this small increase in stock price remains a total of €700

If XYZ stock remains at €100 at expiry, both the call and put options expire worthless, and the trader retains the total premium of €10 x 100 shares = €1,000.

If XYZ stock rises above €110 or falls below €90, the trader starts to incur losses. The further the price moves from the strike price, the larger the loss.

In a short straddle the profit is always maximised at the premium received. The risks when a market turns volatile are significant. 

Profit and loss potential of a short straddle

• Break-even points
  There are two break-even points for a short straddle:
  • Upper breakeven point
    Strike price + total premium received.
    In the example above €100 + €10 = €110
  • Lower break-even point
    Strike price + total premium received.
    In the example above €100 – €10 = €90
• Maximum profit
  The maximum profit is limited to the total premiums collected from selling the call and put options. This occurs if the underlying asset's price at expiry is exactly at the strike price, causing both options to expire worthless.
• Maximum loss
  The maximum loss is theoretically unlimited, as the price of the underlying asset can move significantly in either direction. If the price rises sharply, the call option will incur substantial losses, and if the price falls sharply, the put option will incur substantial losses.  

The profit and loss dynamics of a short straddle are straightforward but require careful consideration.

Managing the short straddle option strategy

Effective management is crucial to mitigate the risks associated with a short straddle:

• Close early
  Consider closing the position early if the underlying asset's price moves close to the strike price, locking in profits and avoiding the risk of large losses.
• Adjust the position
  Adjust the position by rolling the options to different strike prices or expiry dates if the market outlook changes.
• Use stop-loss orders
  Implement stop-loss orders to limit potential losses if the underlying asset's price moves significantly.
• Monitor volatility
  Keep an eye on market volatility and adjust the strategy accordingly to manage risk effectively.

The short straddle option strategy is a powerful tool for experienced traders looking to profit from low volatility and neutral market conditions. By selling both a call and a put option at the same strike price and expiration date, traders can collect premiums and potentially realise profits if the underlying asset's price remains stable. However, the strategy carries significant risks, including unlimited loss potential and high margin requirements. Effective management, careful monitoring, and a thorough understanding of the market are essential for successful implementation of the short straddle. As with any advanced trading strategy, it's crucial to assess your risk tolerance and financial objectives before employing a short straddle in your trading arsenal.

See also 

• What is a long straddle

Options strategies – long straddle
Benefits, risks and examples of a long straddle option strategy.

The long straddle option strategy is a powerful tool that can profit from significant price movements in either direction. This article explains the fundamentals of the straddle option strategy, including its mechanics, benefits, risks, and practical implementation.

Understanding the long straddle option strategy

A straddle option strategy concerns the combination of a call option and a put option with the same strike price and expiry date. 

A long straddle option strategy involves buying both a call option and a put option with the same strike price and expiration date. This approach allows investors to benefit from substantial price movements in the underlying asset, regardless of the direction of the move. The strategy is market-neutral and is particularly useful when an investor anticipates volatility but is uncertain about the direction of the price change.

Key components of a long straddle option

1. Call option
   A contract that gives the holder the right to buy the underlying asset at a specified strike price.
   See also "What is a long call option?"
2. Put option
   A contract that gives the holder the right to sell the underlying asset at the same strike price.
   See also "What is a long put option?"
3. Strike price
   The price at which the options can be exercised.
4. Expiry date
   The date by which the options must be exercised or will expire worthless.
5. Premium
   The combined cost of purchasing both the call and put options.

When implementing a straddle option strategy, the investor simultaneously buys a call option and a put option on the same underlying asset with identical strike prices and expiration dates. The total cost of the strategy is the sum of the premiums paid for both options.

Advantages of the long straddle option strategy

1. Profit from volatility
   The strategy benefits from significant price movements in either direction, making it ideal for volatile markets or events expected to cause large price swings.
2. Market neutrality
   Investors do not need to predict the direction of the price movement, only that a significant move will occur.
3. Hedging opportunities
   The strategy can be used to hedge against uncertainty in an existing portfolio by capitalising on volatility.

Risks of the long straddle option strategy

1. High cost
   The cost of purchasing both options can be substantial, especially in volatile markets where premiums are high.
2. Time decay
   Options are wasting assets, meaning their value erodes over time. If the expected price movement does not occur quickly, the options may lose value rapidly.
3. Moderate movements
   The strategy can lead to losses if the underlying asset's price does not move enough to cover the cost of both premiums. Small to moderate price movements can result in the options expiring worthless.

Example of a long straddle

Consider an investor who believes that Company XYZ’s stock, currently trading at €50, will experience significant price movement due to an upcoming earnings report but is unsure of the direction. The investor decides to purchase a call option and a put option with a strike price of €50, both expiring in one month. Suppose the premium for each option is €3 per share. Since options typically represent 100 shares, the total cost of the straddle would be €600 (€300 for the call option and €300 for the put option).

if XYZ’s stock rises to €70, the profit from the call option would be (€70 – €50 – €6) x 100 = €1,400. Similarly, if the stock drops to €30, the profit from the put option would be (€50 – €30 – €6) x 100 = €1,400.

Profit and loss potential of a long straddle

• Breakeven points
  There are two breakeven points for a long straddle strategy:
  • Upper breakeven point
    Strike price + Total premium paid.
    In this example, the upper breakeven price would be €56 (€50 + €6).
  • Lower breakeven point
    Strike Price - Total premium paid. 
    Here, the lower breakeven price would be €44 (€50 – €6).
• Profit potential
  The profit potential is theoretically unlimited if the underlying asset’s price moves significantly above the upper breakeven point. In a bearish market the profit is maxed out at €4,400 as the stock price would not drop below €0. 
• Limited downside risk
  The maximum loss is limited to the total premium paid for both options. In this case, the most the investor can lose is €600 if the stock remains exactly at €50 by the expiry date.

Implementing the long straddle option strategy

Investing in a long straddle is an active investment strategy and requires preparation and involvement throughout the holding of the position. The main steps in this process are:

1. Market analysis
   Conduct thorough research and analysis to identify potential catalysts for significant price movements, such as earnings reports, economic data releases, or geopolitical events.
2. Select the strike price and expiry date
   Choose a strike price close to the current price of the underlying asset and an expiry date that provides enough time for the anticipated price movement to occur.
3. Monitor the position
   Regularly review the position and market conditions. Be prepared to adjust the strategy if the underlying asset’s price movement or volatility changes significantly.
4. Exiting the position
   Have a clear plan for exiting the position. This can involve selling one of the options to lock in profits if the price moves significantly in one direction, or selling both options to minimise losses if the expected movement does not occur.

Long straddle strategy vs. other strategies

The long straddle option strategy is often compared with other strategies like strangles, long calls, and long puts.

Versus long strangle
A strangle involves buying a call and a put with different strike prices, typically out-of-the-money. While a strangle is cheaper, it requires more significant price movements to be profitable compared to a straddle.

Versus long call/put options
 A long call benefits from price increases, while a long put benefits from price declines. The long straddle combines both, profiting from any significant movement regardless of direction.

Versus other volatility plays
Strategies like iron condors or butterflies can also be used to trade volatility but are more complex and may cap potential profits.

Practical tips to increase the possibility for success

• Start small
  If you’re new to options trading, start with a small position to understand how the market works and gain experience without taking on significant risk.
• Use technical analysis
  Technical indicators and chart patterns can help identify potential entry and exit points for the strategy.
• Stay informed
  Keep up with market news, earnings reports, and other factors that can influence the price of the underlying asset.
• Risk management
  Always be aware of your risk tolerance and never invest more than you can afford to lose.
• Diversify
  Don’t put all your capital into one position. Diversifying your investments can help spread risk and increase the chances of overall success.

The straddle option strategy is a powerful tool for investors looking to capitalise on anticipated volatility in an underlying asset while limiting their downside risk. By understanding the key components, advantages, and risks, and by implementing the strategy with careful market analysis and risk management, investors can potentially achieve significant profits. As with any investment strategy, thorough research and prudent decision-making are essential for success in options trading.

Investing in the financial markets requires a deep understanding of various strategies to maximise returns while managing risk. Please consult your bank or broker for advice or read the Key Information Document to get a better understanding of all risks and costs involved.